What is full-wave EM simulation?

Macro electromagnetic phenomenons are governed by the Maxwell’s Equations or a set of differential equations with some boundary conditions. People solve such equations numerically. Such techniques are called EM simulations. Due to the complexity of the problems, some people try to simply the problems by introducing some approximations. One most frequently used approximuation is assuming the frequency is approaching DC. They try to solve the problem at DC and extend the results to higher frequency. Such technique can yield good results when the structure is electrically small. When the size of the structure is comparable to a wavelength, such technique will yield inaccurate results. Full-wave EM simulation does not assume frequency at DC. Instead, it solves the Maxwell’s Equations with little approximation. When properly implemented, full-wave EM simulations can be very accurate from very low frequency to very high frequency.

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